Background: Menkes kinky HAIR syndrome is a sex-liked recessive hereditary disorder whit severe mental and growth retardation, developmental delay, convulsion, cerebral degeneration, hypotonia, abnormal and light-colored HAIR, depigmented skin with a dark patchy pattern due to disseminated vasculopathy. Patients usually die during the first or the early months of the second year of life.In this syndrome, there is a cellular copper transport defect that leads to decreased levels of cupper in plasma and other tissues such as brain and liver as well as a decline in the activity of copper containing enzymes. Case report: In this article, a seven-months-old boy suffering from failure to thrive, microcephaly and convulsions due to this syndrome is presented.

Background: HAIR loss can occur due to many diseases and is usually related to treatment of an underlying cause. However, eyebrow may not grow back and restoration with methods such as tattoos or HAIR transplant surgery is needed. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of tattooing on success rate of eyebrow HAIR TRANSPLANTATION surgery.Methods: In this clinical trial, 35 patients (5 male, 30 female) completed the study for eyebrow HAIR TRANSPLANTATION. Patients were divided into two groups based on a history of eyebrow tattoo. Factors such as demographic factors, direction of HAIR growth, HAIR density, the underlying cause and a history of drug use, smoking and alcohol were also investigated. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests.Findings: In this study, patients' satisfaction was not significantly different based on tattoo history (P>0.05).Also, other factors associated with patient satisfaction were not significantly different. The average age of patients in the two groups was 30 and 32 years, respectively.Conclusion: This clinical trial showed that doing eyebrow tattoo before surgery does not affect patients ’satisfaction for eyebrow repair surgery. However, another study with larger sample size is recommended.

Background and Aim: HAIR TRANSPLANTATION is the main therapeutic method for androgenic alopecia. Improvement of the HAIR transplant techniques with more acceptable appearance of the transplanted HAIR has made this method more popular.Nowadays, for more acceptable appearance of transplanted HAIR, every follicle is transplanted separately or in small groups which is a time consuming procedure and exposes the follicles to environmental stressors. The new device that we introduce here can be time saving and decreases the exposure time to stressors.Case report: This device was named Micro-implant and we used it for HAIR TRANSPLANTATION in a 45 years old man with androgenic alopecia. After informed consent and adequate explanations, necessary laboratory tests were performed which their results were normal. Three 10x2 cm grafts were resected from occipital area. The grafts were placed into sterile physiologic buffer rapidly and then divided by a scalpel into small pieces, each containing 1-4 follicles. These graft units were transplanted into the frontal bald area by means of the Micro-implant.Conclusion: Use of this device will reduce TRANSPLANTATION time notably and maintain the viability of the transplanted follicles which ensure success of TRANSPLANTATION.

Background: Several causes including chemotherapy, skin disorder, trauma and burns may cause temporary or permanent loss of eyebrows. Today HAIR TRANSPLANTATION in involved areas is one of the best ways to cure the defects of eyebrow. Many complications such infection, folliculitis and local reactions can occur due to HAIR TRANSPLANTATION. The purpose of this study was to investigate the results and complications of HAIR TRANSPLANTATION in patients with defects of eyebrow.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study and was conducted in 2010. In this study the complications of HAIR TRANSPLANTATION in all of the patients with defects in eyebrow who had undergone an HAIR transplant procedure with micrograft method were followed in 3 months. The collected data collected were analyzed by SPSS18.Findings: In this study 75 patients with eyebrow defects were studied. The average of HAIR transplant in studied patients was 29 ± 5.2.24 cases (32%) had not any complications. In 39 cases mild complication such inflammation and in 12 cases moderate complication such infection was seen. None of the subjects had experienced HAIR loss in transplant area.Conclusion: The results of our study showed the safety and success of HAIR TRANSPLANTATION with minimal postoperative complications in patients with defect of eyebrows. To achieve good results, the technique used to repair the defects should be selected specifically for each patient.

Background: Gut microbiota contains many types of parasites, viruses, archaebacteria, and bacteria. There is a bilateral relationship between the gut microbiota and the immune system, and they regulate each other. Many experiments have used Fecal Microbiota TRANSPLANTATION (FMT) in a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI disorders. FMT has beneficial effects on patients with Clostridioides difficile. The aim of the current review article was to gain insight on the relationship between gut microbiota and various immune system components in order to investigate its links with various human diseases as well as to explore the application of FMT-based therapeutic interventions in several GI and non-GI disorders. Materials and methods: Systematically, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases using the following keywords: Fecal Microbiota TRANSPLANTATION, Microbiota, and Immune system. Finally, 127 articles in English language reporting Fecal Microbiota TRANSPLANTATION, Microbiota, and Immune system were included for the final analysis. Conclusion: FMT is one of the novel therapeutic approaches in the field of medicine that improves and modulates GI microbiota. For this reason, physicians and researchers are making an attempt to use it to treat various GI and non-GI diseases. The GI microbiota is important in metabolism, immune system modulation, the synthesis of various types of vitamins, etc. Currently, FMT is proposed by the FDA (The US Food and Drug Administration) for patients with Clostridioides difficile who do not respond to standard therapies. Currently, FMT-based therapeutic interventions have scarcely been applied for the treatment of other diseases, such as IBD. Nevertheless, it is still considered as an efficient therapy for some of IBD patients. However, several concerns regarding the clinical application of FMT are still remaining to be addressed necessiating conducting further detailed studies in this regard.

Eruptive vellus HAIR cysts are rare disorders that present as cystic papules usually on the chest and extremities. Facial involvement is very rare in this disorder and few reports of facial eruptive vellus HAIR cysts have been presented till now. We present two cases of eruptive vellus HAIR cysts in a mother and her daughter with facial distribution.    

BACKGROUND Surgical management of HAIR loss has become an increasingly challenging procedure, when dealing with scar alopecia. We investigated the efficacy of HAIR TRANSPLANTATION in patients with head and neck scar alopecia. METHODS From 2016 to 2018 in Shiraz, Iran, all patients with scar alopecia in head and neck were evaluated for efficacy of follicular unit extraction (FUE), follicular unit TRANSPLANTATION (FUT) or a combination of two methods from donor sites in scalp and beard various HAIR-grafts were compared. RESULTS Fifty-six patients were enrolled. Most of them were between 31 and 40 yr old (48. 3%) and male (71. 4%). Trauma, burn, surgical excision of adjacent skin, radiotherapy and leishmaniasis were the registered causes. Scars were visible in scalp (39. 3%), beard (28. 6%), eyebrow (21. 4%), and moustache (10. 7%) regions. FUE (87. 5%), FUT (10. 7%) and a combination (1. 8%) were the used methods. One-HAIR-grafts were used in eyebrows (100%), moustache (100%), beard (88%) and scalp (7. 9%), while 2-HAIR-grafts in beard (6%) and scalp (47. 4%) and 3-HAIRed grafts in beard (6%) and scalp (44. 7%) TRANSPLANTATIONs. CONCLUSION In head and neck scar alopecia, HAIR TRANSPLANTATION was selected based on type and depth of scar. FUE was targeted when huge grafts were not needed, including beard, moustache, and eyebrow, while FIT was used when extensive scars were present in scalp. One-HAIR-grafts were mostly applied for eyebrow, moustache and beard, 2-HAIR-and 3-HAIR-grafts for beard and scalp TRANSPLANTATION. These findings can be added to the literature when FUE, FIT, or their combination are targeted in HAIR restoration of scar alopecia in head and neck.